1. One of the key tools used in signal integrity analysis is modeling. We will utilize this analytical tool to first build a model for the PCB transmission line and subsequently analyze its various behavioral characteristics.

2. The zero-order model of the PCB transmission line represents the simplest and most intuitive approach. It consists of a series of miniature capacitors arranged in parallel, with each capacitor’s value corresponding to the capacitance per unit length of the PCB transmission line.

3. The following outlines how to employ the zero-order model to analyze the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics and transient impedance of the PCB transmission line.

4. Assuming the unit length is △X, the size of each miniature capacitor can be expressed as the product of the capacitance per unit length of the PCB transmission line and the unit length:

C = Co * △X (3-5)

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