3. Various processes can lead to pit formation during electroplating, including copper immersion, pattern transfer, and inadequate cleaning during pre-treatment and plating. 4. Issues with air agitation, cotton cores, and cleaning after degreasing can result in whitish or uneven color on the board surface during electroplating. Concluding Remarks: Troubleshooting and innovation are essential for improving craftsmanship and achieving high-quality coatings in the acid copper plating process.

3. Various processes can lead to pit formation during electroplating, including copper immersion, pattern transfer, and inadequate cleaning during pre-treatment and plating. 4. Issues with air agitation, cotton cores, and cleaning after degreasing can result in whitish or uneven color on the board surface during electroplating. Concluding Remarks: Troubleshooting and innovation are essential for improving craftsmanship and achieving high-quality coatings in the acid copper plating process.